一般情况

品种:短毛猫
年龄:8个月
性别:雄
是否绝育:否
诊断:猫传染性腹膜炎

01 主诉及病史

因嗜睡、厌食、体温过低和低血糖就诊。

该猫2个月大时被收容所收养,随后接受了定期疫苗接种,并定期驱虫。此后一直与其他获救助的猫生活在一起。除了偶尔腹泻外,没有其他症状。

02 检查

体重2公斤。粘膜黄疸,体温过低(36°C)。心率220 bpm,收缩压为120 mmHg。进行了全血细胞计数和基础代谢检查(下图):

发现严重低血糖。肌酸激酶(CK)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)明显升高,高于范围上限的15倍。其他超出范围的数据与肝细胞损伤相符:谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和胆红素,白蛋白/球蛋白比值为0.3。全血细胞计数数据显示嗜中性白细胞增多。

超声发现腹腔积液、弥漫性腹膜炎、符合肝病、脾病、肠系膜淋巴结病和肾病。对腹腔积液进行了取样,腹腔积液呈透明、粘稠、草黄色,总蛋白浓度为5.7 g/dL(球蛋白4.3 g/dL),白蛋白/球蛋白比值为0.3(下图)

细胞学检查显示,患者体内存在未变性的中性粒细胞、空泡化的嗜碱性细胞、巨噬细胞、反应性间皮细胞和散在的红细胞,这些细胞被包裹在颗粒状的嗜酸性蛋白背景中。对腹腔积液标本进行猫冠状病毒(FCoV)基因检测(实时PCR)和S基因突变检测。结果显示腹腔积液中的FCoV RNA阳性,M1058L基因S突变阳性,S1060A基因S突变阴性(下图)

03 治疗

首先注射了葡萄糖溶液和5 mL/kg的晶体液,然后以2 mL/kg/h的速度进行输液治疗,以对抗严重的低血糖,恢复并维持正常的水合状态。

04 预后

由于临床症状恶化和长期预后不良,对该猫实施了安乐死,并进行了尸检。尸体解剖时,对心脏进行了称重(21.1 g),并采集了组织标本进行HE染色和免疫组化染色。

尸检发现腹腔、胸腔和心包都有大量粘稠的血清纤维蛋白渗出物。由于存在纤维蛋白,渗出物呈淡黄色絮状。在肺部、肝脏和肾脏实质的表面和深部发现多个直径约1 mm圆形、坚实的白色结节。在心外膜和心肌、肠道腹膜和肠壁上也发现了同样的结节(下图)。多个肠系膜淋巴结肿大、坚实。

↑ 心脏。在心外膜表面观察到多个圆形的白色结节。

组织病理学显示,化脓性肉芽肿浸润涉及多个器官:肾、肺、心肌、淋巴结、肝和肠道。由巨噬细胞、中性粒细胞和较少见的淋巴细胞组成的化脓性血管炎呈多灶性或凝聚性分布,通常以中央淋巴坏死核心为中心(下图A)。这些结果符合猫传染性腹膜炎的诊断。对心肌、肾、肺、淋巴结和肝的切片进行了免疫组化检测,发现FCoV阳性细胞与坏死灶外围的巨噬细胞形态一致(下图BC)。

↑ 心脏的组织病理学和免疫组化。(A)化脓性炎症,中心有坏死核心;(BC)在心肌坏死灶外围观察到猫传染性腹膜炎冠状病毒免疫阳性巨噬细胞。

05 讨论

猫冠状病毒(Feline coronavirus,FCoV)是引起猫肠道感染的一种常见病原体,通常无症状,在世界各地的家养和野生猫中均有发现[1]。FCoV包括两种基因型,即I型(FCoV-I)和II型(FCoV-II)。两种FCoV基因型都各有两种生物型:猫肠道冠状病毒(FECV)和猫传染性腹膜炎冠状病毒(FIPV)[2,3]。这两种生物型表现出明确的临床过程和特定的病理变化。FECV感染肠道,通常无症状或伴有轻微腹泻。

FECV在小肠中下段和盲肠的上皮细胞中复制,然后通过血液或淋巴系统扩散到淋巴组织(肠系膜淋巴结和腭扁桃体)和上呼吸道[4-6]。在巨噬细胞内,FCoV可变异为FIPV[5,7-9],然后通过受感染的单核细胞传播至全身[5,6]。

FIPV感染是FCoV感染中最具侵袭性和致命性的一种,被称为猫传染性腹膜炎(FIP),有两种典型的临床病理表现形式:湿性(渗出性)或干性(非渗出性)[3,10]。

FIP是最早被确认的猫FCoV感染形式,1966年首次被描述为猫感染性腹膜炎[11]。15年后,即1981年,FECV在猫科动物中的感染被确认和描述[5,12]。小猫和一岁以下的幼猫更容易感染FCoV,并发展成致命的FIP[2]。

既往文献[13]报道了一例FCoV/FIP累及心脏的病例。另一篇文献[14]也报道了一种与FIP病毒有关的扩张型心肌病,伴有心肌瘢痕病变,但未进行病毒基因分型。

FIP病毒的突变与S基因有关,蛋白质链上的两个氨基酸不同,分别是1058位蛋氨酸(M)变为亮氨酸(L)或1060位丝氨酸(S)变为丙氨酸(A)。1058和1060处的S基因突变与细胞滋养有关[5,15-18]。通过RT-qPCR检测,在无炎症病变的情况下,心脏中的FIPV M1058L变异呈阳性[19]。

考虑到既往报告[13,14]的病例并未检测到任何FCoV变异体的存在,本研究对一只感染了具有S基因突变M1058L的FCoV生物型的FIP猫的心肌病变进行了大体病理学和组织学调查。

FCoV感染通常无症状或引起轻微肠炎,对支持性治疗无反应[21,22]。如果猫的巨噬细胞无法清除病毒,病毒就会在其细胞质中复制,从而引发FIP[21,22]。多猫家庭或收容所等环境以及与感染FCoV的猫共用猫砂盆会增加FCoV突变为FIPV的可能性[23]。

FIP是一种免疫介导疾病,是导致猫死亡的常见传染病因[24,25]。据估计,感染FCoV的猫患FIP的比例为5-12%[26,27]。当发生FIP时,FCoV感染会诱发化脓性血管炎和/或血清炎[28],也可能伴有高蛋白渗出。伴有渗出(尤其是腹腔渗出)的FIP是最常见的FIP类型[29]。还会出现一系列其他全身症状,如发热、食欲不振、嗜睡、腹部淋巴结病、眼部症状和/或神经症状[30-36]。

本研究中的猫咪是在冬季体温过低的情况下被送往医院的。检测到的低体温可归类为严重基础疾病引起的继发性低体温。寒冷的天气也起了重要作用,它对体温调节产生了负面影响。

FIP的死前诊断非常困难。诊断FIP的金标准是在FIP典型的肉芽肿病变组织中使用免疫组化标记巨噬细胞中的FCoV抗原。本病例报告中描述的临床表现与文献报道相符。

有必要对FCoV/FIP M1058L阳性病例进行统计分析,并结合心脏大体病理、组织病理和FCoV/FIP M1058L生物型在心肌中的免疫定位进行平行研究,以确定FCoV/FIP M1058L变体对心肌细胞的真正致病性。

鉴于既往文献的观察结果[19],当务之急是了解心肌病变是由于FCoV/FIP M1058L生物型固有的毒力所致,还是需要其他并发原因。应针对与FIP相关或无关的患者调查可能导致心肌细胞病变的潜在并发原因,并研究上述并发症是否可被视为相关。

总之,这是第二例关于FCoV/FIP引起的猫心肌炎的报告,也是第一例准确描述FCoV/FIP M1058L生物型阳性猫心肌炎临床病理的病例报告。

文献来源:Guarnieri C, Bertola L, Ferrari L, Quintavalla C, Corradi A, Di Lecce R. Myocarditis in an FIP-Diseased Cat with FCoV M1058L Mutation: Clinical and Pathological Changes. Animals (Basel). 2024 Jun 3;14(11):1673.

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